Seeking evidence-based policy, economist investigates how anemia impacts education for adolescents in India

In low- and middle-income countries, anemia reduction efforts are often touted as a way to improve educational outcomes and reduce poverty. A new study, co-authored by a Notre Dame global health economics expert, evaluates the relationship between anemia and school attendance in India, debunking earlier research that could have misguided policy interventions.
Santosh Kumar, associate professor of development and global health economics at the University of Notre Dame’s Keough School of Global Affairs, is a co-author of the study, published in Communications Medicine.
The study investigated whether there was a link between anemia and school attendance in more than 250,000 adolescents ages 15 to 18. Earlier observational studies had shown a link between anemia and attendance, even after accounting for variables such as gender and household wealth, Kumar said. But he said the new study, which applied more rigorous econometric statistical analysis, did not find such a link.
Santosh Kumar’s research explores the intersection of global health and poverty reduction. His latest work evaluates the relationship between anemia and school attendance in India.

“Most previous research on this topic has used conventional study designs or focused on small geographical areas, which limits its policy relevance,” Kumar said. “Earlier estimates may have been distorted by unobserved household factors related to both anemia and school attendance. So in this study, we focused on the relationship between anemia and attendance among adolescents who were living in the same household.
“Ultimately,” Kumar said, “we found that the link between anemia and schooling is more muted than previously suggested by studies that did not consider household-level factors.”
The findings have important implications for policymakers seeking to improve education in low- and middle-income countries like India, Kumar said, which has widespread school attendance issues and struggles with health conditions such as anemia caused by iron deficiency (particularly in children and adolescents). The country has pushed to improve educational outcomes, in keeping with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, Kumar said. But to achieve that, he said, more research is needed to pinpoint an evidence-based intervention.
The latest study is part of an ongoing project to do that work. The study was co-authored with Jan-Walter De Neve (University of Heidelberg), Omar Karlsson (Lund University in Sweden), Rajesh Kumar Rai (Harvard University) and Sebastian Vollmer (University of Göttingen). The project received funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the West Bengal State Department of Health and Family Welfare in India.
“Our findings have implications for policymakers who want to improve educational outcomes and reduce poverty.”
The latest study builds on an earlier one in which Kumar and fellow researchers helped evaluate the results of an iron fortification school lunch program for students ages 7 and 8 in India. That study showed that fortification reduced anemia but did not affect students’ performance in school. A forthcoming study, set to launch in summer 2024, will look at iron fortification for children ages 3 to 5. The research hypothesis is that an early-age nutritional intervention among preschoolers would make a significant impact on physical and cognitive development.
“Our findings have implications for policymakers who want to improve educational outcomes and reduce poverty,” Kumar said. “Effective policies are based on evidence. We need more rigorous statistical analysis to examine the causal relationship between anemia and education.
“This work ties into my larger research agenda, which explores the intersection of global health and poverty reduction. I want to use my academic research to support human dignity by helping to identify evidence-based health policies that will make a tangible difference in people’s lives.”
Latest Research
- ND Law's Black Law Students Association Celebrates Black History Month and the Pursuit of Justice2024-2025 BLSA Executive Board For almost 50 years, the United States has designated the entire…
- New study abroad program in Panama is excellent match for students interested in sustainabilityPanama is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and one of the few countries that is carbon negative. Additionally, it is a transit country, with migrants continually coming from South America to pass through the Darién Gap. Last year, Notre Dame Global introduced a new summer study…
- Notre Dame named America’s Best Large Employer by ForbesForbes has named the University of Notre Dame as America’s Best Large Employer for the first time, leading 700 other organizations with at least 5,000 employees. Notre Dame has appeared on the Best Large Employer list six times, most recently as the 20th-ranked employer and top educational…
- Lieberman wins public interest award from the American Chemical SocietyMarya Lieberman, professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, has been selected to receive the Gustavus John Esselen Award for Chemistry in the Public Interest for developing low-cost Paper Analytical Devices (PADs) used to identify substandard medicines.
- Sara Berger named as new IBM director of the Notre Dame–IBM Technology Ethics LabSara Berger, IBM director of the Notre Dame–IBM Technology Ethics Lab…
- University of Notre Dame wins award for excellence in campus internationalizationIn recognition of its outstanding commitment to internationalization both on campus and across the globe, the University of Notre Dame has been selected to receive the 2025 Senator Paul Simon Award for Comprehensive Internationalization. Named for the late Sen. Paul Simon, a longtime proponent of international education, the award is given by NAFSA: Association of International Educators to honor excellence in integrating international education throughout all facets of university and college campuses.